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Kulak L.A.
“When an ever-increasing number of specially invented assumptions have to be introduced into a theory, this clearly echoes the artificial introduction of an ever-increasing number of epicycles and eccentrics into the Ptolemaic picture. Without much concern for the logical rigor of the arguments, the agreement between these special assumptions and the hypothesis is often presented as “facts supporting the theory.” Nobel laureate H. Alfvén. [20]
“What is a theory? It strikes the layman... that it is surrounded by a heap of formulas that mean nothing to the uninitiated. But these formulas do not constitute its essence”.
Theoretical physicist L. Boltzmann.
“Of all the services that can be rendered to science, the introduction of new ideas is the most important.” Nobel laureate Joseph John Thomson
"It is precisely the ethereal matter of space (masked by the obviously inappropriate term "vacuum") that, according to the conviction of truly knowledgeable scientists, should become the basis for bringing all the forces of nature into a single self-consistent picture." [150]
In my author`s monograph "Substance. Atom. Theory of Everything" [36] I proposed a self-consistent concept based on the ontology of the complementarity principle. The concept is proposed as a new platform for generalizations and covers the issues of the structure of the supporting Cosmic Medium, the basic element of nature and the atomic model based on it, the method of formation of atoms and the actualization of structural interrelations that hold system formations together as a whole, as well as the fractally-identical transfer of the general universal structural scheme to scaling levels. The monograph uses the methodology of Fractal Synthesis and lays the foundations of Linguistic Physics.
Speaking about the ontology of the complementarity principle, it should be noted that this principle has been known since ancient times.
For quantum mechanics, it was formulated by Nobel laureate N. Bohr in 1927 and is its most important principle.
Subsequently, the principle of complementarity was generalized in science, which led to the creation of the concept of complementarity, which covers not only physics, but also biology, psychology, cultural studies and, in fact, all areas of knowledge in general.
B. Mandelbrot's fractal geometry, discovered in 1967, has its roots in the ontology of the principle of complementarity.
The ontology of the complementarity principle also underlies the holographic principle, introduced into modern science in 1993 by theoretical physicist G. 't Hooft as a hypothesis about the general property of quantum gravity – a theory that aims to create a quantum description of gravitational interaction and bring theoretical achievements closer to the creation of a general Theory of Everything.
Experience and the accumulation of knowledge show that the comprehensive essence of the complementarity principle implies the existence of its equivalent in everything and is a universal natural duality. And the main conclusion is that it is the original and fundamental principle, mediating a unified formula, a unified equation and a unified geometry. And if in all reasoning we start from its original essence, then we can get significant simplifications both in chains of logical reasoning and in mathematical calculations.
A more detailed restatement of the theoretical view proposed in the monograph is grouped by me into four main articles in accordance with current topics of theoretical physics, and several articles published earlier are also added to this. In physics, experiment plays a decisive role in the construction of theories. Therefore, in the format of the proposed concept, not only a number of basic questions of theoretical physics are considered, but also the results of existing theoretical proposals and experiments are included, confirming both the correctness of the chosen starting point of the concept and the conclusions made on its basis, which can be classified as a fundamental work.
"The fundamental nature of the theory is determined by the degree of penetration into the secrets of nature and is determined not by the cumbersomeness of its mathematical apparatus, but by the degree of connection with materialistic philosophy and proximity to the boundaries of the knowable." Kuligin V.A. [128]
At this point, it is important to emphasize that the existing paradigm of particles still has its place due to the fact that at the stages of cognition, scientific thinking creates a vector of dividing a single spatial structure into separate fragments, peculiar puzzles, which are much easier to learn and describe by the apparatus of algebra separately.
Nevertheless, the fullness of time comes when differentiation has already exhausted itself, the fragments are known and a feeling of a dead end and a state of crisis arises. It is then that the stage of integration and synthesis of already acquired knowledge into the overall picture begins, the picture which is most clearly visible at the current stage of cognition. This picture forms a new fundamental theory, which requires both a new platform of generalizations and new mathematics.
Experimental results applied to the theoretical field of the new concept proposed by me increase the weight of the arguments in favor of the conclusions made, and are also the evidence link that is extremely necessary for the theoretical view to acquire the status of reflecting the reality of natural phenomena. And in this regard, the experiment is the fact that supports and confirms the theory.
“In physics, it is the experiment that plays the decisive role in constructing a theory.” Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences G.I. Shipov [167]
For the theoretical presentation I used a geometric approach, which, as is known, helps to make quite significant simplifications and often leads to the goal faster than the path laid out by the apparatus of algebra. Also, the geometric approach contributes to visualization and the creation of figurative pictures, which theoretical physics experienced an acute shortage in the period of the creation of quantum mechanics, and is also experiencing also experiences the same deficit at the current stage of development.
The foundation of the geometric approach in the new proposed concept is the geometric analogue of the principle of complementarity. As a geometric analogue, the Mobius strip or Mobius ring is considered. The basis for this is the correspondence of this geometry and its properties to the ontological content of the principle of complementarity as a universal duality mediating the dynamics and forms of movement, as well as to the pictorial display in ancient symbolism.
The representation of a physical point in space in the form of a Mobius ring and its consideration as a magnetoelectric circuit provides the key to the analysis of the processes of Cosmogenesis, which can bring many theoretical views to a common denominator. In this regard, the universalism of the principle of complementarity as a natural duality, presented in the format of Mobius Geometry, can be laid down as the basis for creating the Unified Theory of Everything and, in all likelihood, is the most effective way to achieve this goal.
The author's monograph and articles also note hypothetical assumptions and elements of theoretical proposals in which scientists in the history of science, at the level of guesses or partial conclusions, touched upon the method of explaining a number of theoretical aspects using the geometry of the Mobius strip.
However, to date, no scientist has considered the properties of Möbius geometry in application to the fundamental and intractable questions of physics so broadly as to obtain their resulting or comprehensive explanation, as well as to link the scaling levels into a unified paradigm on this basis and to show the universality of the interrelations that mediate interactions and determine the forces in them, that is, to create a Unified Theory of Everything. A number of questions of theoretical physics in electrodynamics and quantum mechanics still have no explanation. The proposed geometric format demonstrates how these difficult questions can be resolved.
A more detailed presentation of the questions of physics in the theoretical view I propose in the format of Möbius Geometry is grouped into four articles:
"1. Quantum Medium. Möbius Geometry. Magnetic Monopole."
"2. Quantum Entanglement. Möbius Geometry. «Yin-Yang» Symbol. Phases of Fibration".
"3. The Basic Element of Nature. Mobius Geometry. Gravity. Model of the Atom".
"4. Hydromagnetic Dynamo. Mobius Geometry. The Method of Formation of the Atom".
To these four articles several articles published earlier are attached:
5. "Experiments of Thomson and Rutherford", ("Time out") [146]
6. "Clifford`s parallels", [142]
7. "Fibration of the Mobius Pattern. Formation of the Atom" [141]
In the field of this article, in the proposed new format, the issues of theoretical physics related to the structure of the space medium are covered, simultaneously connected with theoretical assumptions and proposals of predecessors and contemporaries. And, as indicated above, the presented issues are united by me into a self-consistent concept based on the ontology of the Fundamental Principle of Complementarity (FPC) with the application of its geometric analogue – the Mobius strip – to the explanation of natural phenomena.
The choice of this geometric analogue is due to the fact that the geometric figure of the Mobius strip is the most characteristic geometric structure that reflects both the essence of the FPC and can demonstrate the phases of geometric transformations that occur according to the laws of hydrodynamics in a wave medium.
I would like to immediately note that the geometric shape of the Mobius strip has attracted the attention of mathematicians since its mathematical discovery. It also became one of the first objects of study in topology. However, for physics and other sciences, in particular chemistry and biology, a rapid increase in interest has begun over the past couple of decades. A series of experiments based on the shape of the Mobius strip, as well as the production of materials with new properties on the same basis, demonstrate both analogies with natural phenomena and new, not yet studied properties, and scientists are increasingly interested in the properties of this geometry, since it helps to reveal the secrets of Nature and the world order to consciousness. This is the subject of my work “Mobius Geometry on the Podium of Science.” [177]
It should be emphasized that publications on the topic of the Mobius strip in the media of recent decades focus on the fact that it was the very fact of the mathematical discovery of Mobius Geometry that gave physics a guide to a new way of studying the world around us.
"The study of topology continues to produce stunning results. For example, last year [2017], topology led scientists to discover strange new states of matter. This [2018] year’s Fields Medal, the highest honor in mathematics, was awarded to Akshay Venkatesh, a mathematician who helped integrate topology with other fields such as number theory." [84]
One of a series of publications regarding the study of the properties of the Möbius strip is the publication in the journal NATURE MATERIALS "The shape of a Möbius strip" [83], in which the authors aim their research to gain new insights into energy localization phenomena that may help to understand the interrelation between the geometry and physical properties of the nano- and microscopic structures formed by the Möbius strip.
Simplicity of understanding arises most often on the basis of analogies and geometric representations. If we turn to the works of scientists of those decades that preceded the era of Quantum Physics, we can note that they turned to earthly analogies much more often than our contemporaries of the last century. At some stage in the development of physics, which is the science of Nature, scientists began to turn more often to mathematical formalism and so practically fundamental Physics went into the servants of the apparatus of Algebra, and figurative thinking, supported by analogies and geometric constructions, was gradually lost.
Even if there were objective reasons for this, the fact remains that as a result of this, the development of QED went along the path of stating the fact that the laws of the micro-world of particles obviously exceed ordinary human understanding, but at the same time they are correctly described by the fundamental mathematical equations of quantum physics. And in quantum mechanics, unlike other sciences, there have been practically no attempts for a long time to correlate its fundamental axioms with our physical basis, that is, with the knowledge and experience that a person draws directly from observing pictures of nature.
The following facts are known in the history of science in the creation of QED: “Avoiding the construction of any visual kinematic models, V. Pauli introduced a doubled Hilbert space H2⨂H (space of wave functions), the vectors of which are two-component spinors. And the theoretical compromise in understanding spin was expressed by Pauli as follows: “After a short period of ideological confusion and disagreement caused by the temporary limitation of “visuality”, a general agreement was reached on replacing concrete images with abstract mathematical symbols.” [117]
Replacing concrete images with abstract mathematical symbols has still not helped to ensure that the understanding of spin is clear and concrete. The opinion of a number of physicists is that the absence of a picture of representation plays a dominant role in this, and among the opinions there are quite harsh ones, calling such a state “intellectual debauchery” (P. Langevin, French physicist).
The concept of "spin" was introduced by W. Pauli in 1925, when explaining the doublet structure of the spectrum of alkali metals using a unique, classically indescribable ambiguity of the quantum-theoretical properties of the radiating electron, understood at that time as a particle of an atom. The proton and electron were understood as entities independent of each other. Such a figurative representation essentially misled both classical physics and did not give quantum physics the keys to the development of figurative pictures of the micro-world. All these incidents and the search for a way out prompted the corresponding mathematical abstract substitutions.
I cover in detail the issues related to the discovery of the electron and a different interpretation of the experiment of J. J. Thomson in my work [146].
The concept of "spin" is inextricably linked with the mathematical object of spinor.
"The remarkable thing that the Dirac equations brought to physics is spinors, generating the Minkowski geometry, which in the language of spinors can be represented as the simplest Mobius geometry!
Spinors gave birth to a new class of reference systems (observation systems) in physics – spin reference systems. In these systems, infinitely distant points in space are observable on a par with finite ones! Perhaps this is the physical meaning of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen quantum entanglement, in which it is the spin that plays the decisive role." [Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Shipov G.I. (from personal correspondence)].
The algebraic definition of a spinor is considered in mathematics. If you delve into this definition, then for a figurative representation it is quite complicated and, given the fact that Nature acts quite simply, most likely this entire sophisticated algebraic paradigm needs constructive simplification.
"Michael Atiyah once said: "Nobody fully understands spinors. Their algebra is formally understandable, but their geometric meaning is mysterious." [117]
The mystery initially lies both in the physical understanding of spin and in the geometric representation of spinors. These representations are inextricably linked.
The concepts of "spin" and "spinor" come from the root word "spin", form of PIE root *(s)pen- "to draw, stretch, spin, rotate" with the meaning of "rotation". [151]
This is the character of rotation that has a two-cycle period of revolution, sets the spatio-temporal characteristics and constitutes the energy content of the spatial fabric.
The algebraic binding of the concept of spin and the lack of a specific picture of its representation prompted W. Pauli to the following statement in his scientific dialogue with Kroning: "Van der Waerden notes that the ambiguity of the electron, which defies classical description, is now called spin. As is well known, all attempts at a classical (mechanical) description of the electron spin, beginning with the work of Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit, were unsuccessful. In his memoirs, Yu. B. Rumer writes that at one time Pauli told Kronig that the spin theory was nonsense, because a mathematical point cannot rotate around itself." [117]
It is difficult to disagree – yes, indeed, a mathematical point cannot. It simply does not have any mechanism for this. Being carried away by the harmony of mathematical charms, and also against the background of the fact that the space in the field of scientific thought in that period turned out to be empty, the scientist lost sight of the fact that it is necessary to talk about a physical point in space, which, no matter how small it is, has its own geometric representation and mechanics of motion. Its spin, as noted above in the meaning of the root word, has not only the dynamics of two-cycle rotation, but also the property of stretching, which is just characteristic of topology as rubber geometry. And also, according to the meaning of the root word, this physical point is able to draw in physical space the form of a quantum-mechanical phenomenon.
The reason why the ambiguity of the electron did not lend itself to classical description was precisely the lack of a picture of the representation of this ambiguity, as well as a representation of the essence of the electron, which, even at the time of the birth of quantum mechanics, did not have that clear picture in the atomic model that would correspond to the classical laws of electrodynamics.
"Quantum physics urgently needs new images and ideas that can only arise with a deep revision of the principles underlying it."
Nobel laureate Louis de Broglie.
It is the geometric component of mathematics that is the mediator between those constructions that are created by algebra and what is observed in reality. And the mechanics of motion is comprehended through observations that suggest that all physical objects of cosmic space perform a universal type of motion associated with the simultaneous execution of a two-cycle rotation – rotations around their inner axis and rotations around the external center. All physical objects are fed simultaneously from their internal and external sources. This is where fractal-holographic analogies are built.
Did the fathers of quantum mechanics at that time have guesses that could give the corresponding pictures of the representation for understanding the spin and the geometric representation of spinors, which are directly related to the implementation of two-cycle revolutions and energy? Of course they did.
One of the well-known guesses in the history of QM is the “Dirac belt”. Being an engineer by education and work experience, P. Dirac was the only one who used the image of a twice-twisted trouser belt to explain the spin (of electron), which is equivalent to the Mobius strip with two turns, in other words, the Magnetic Möbius Dipole. Although this image was proposed, but, obviously, it alone for electron was not enough. The problem had to be solved in a complex and exactly as V. Heisenberg outlined it – it was necessary to create a "unified theory for the physics of the electron and proton together", which, although it was outlined at that time, but has not yet been created.
And here the keys to the riddle of spin and spinors were found in W. Pauli. He had a specific image of the Mobius strip first. Then good known the "Pauli square", in the geometry of which the change of phases of the oscillations of a four-point function, grouped "two by two", is shown. And also in his famous enigmatic phrase "Bifurcation and reduction of symmetry! That's where Faust's poodle is buried!" there was that property of the Mobius strip to double its InfoGenome at each bifurcation, which was extremely necessary for the development of a figurative representation, without which QED still moves blindfolded.
What stood behind this phrase, W. Pauli did not have time to leave in any form. Therefore, to this day, this phrase of his undergoes repeated attempts to reveal its secret.
Following the format of the new concept based on Mobius Geometry (MG), I have proposed a variant of revealing this secret of bifurcation in the method of fibration of the Mobius Magnetic Monopole and its geometric representation based on the Mobius strip, since this coincides with the facts both in the biography of W. Pauli (the Mobius strip repeatedly surfaced in the field of his thinking and he shared this in letters to K. Jung), and in the biography of P. Dirac (the hypothetically predicted magnetic monopole plus the "Dirac belt").
The representation of a magnetic monopole based on the Mobius strip, as well as its filamentary bifurcation/fibration, makes it possible to explain both the quantization of charges and the multiplicity of the minimum, and to see the geometric construction of the basic element of Nature and the possibility of creating on this basis a “unified theory for the physics of the “proton-electron” together”, which was designated by Nobel laureate W. Heisenberg in the analysis of the relativistic equation of P. Dirac.
I believe that the premature death of W. Pauli left unrealized the opportunity to bring together three elements that pulsated in the field of his thoughts: the Mobius strip, the principle of bifurcation and the change of oscillations, displayed in his square ("Pauli square"). If this had happened, then through the bifurcation/fibration of the Mobius strip, displaying the geometry of the original Magnetic Monopole, he could have geometrically obtained a Magnetic Dipole element, in which the same change of oscillation phases occurs as in the "Pauli square" and mass is manifested. These same elements are reflected algebraically in the equation of P. Dirac. That is, the designated bifurcation with simultaneous doubling was the key to the method of forming a system of atomic elements according to the doubling scheme: spinors, bi-spinors, twistors and hypertwistors. And it was precisely this doubling of the original Magnetic Monopole InfoGenome that provides the necessary explanation for how what is called charge quantization occurs.
It should also be noted that in the history of quantum physics, at its birth, the concept of the presence of a supporting cosmic medium, which was already sufficiently developed at that time, was not connected to its theoretical field, and mathematical formalism turned out to be dominant in its creation. This did not allow combining QM with classical concepts in the description of the mechanics of motion of quantum objects. Spins, spinors, bi-spinors, twistors and hyper-twistors hung in empty space as mathematical entities without their connection to the feeding etheric mtdium generating these geometric transformations. And the opinion of Nobel laureate R. Penrose that energy is primarily associated with spin, left only a hint, but did not help to solve the impending problem. [14], [81], [82], [144], [145].
Mechanics begins with a description of the process of motion. And Quantum Mechanics, including, must have its origins in the description of both the form of a quantum phenomenon and the process of motion. And it is very difficult to disagree with the fact that any motion occurs in a supporting medium and with support from the medium. If there is no supporting medium, then how can motion in its essence be carried out. A clearer understanding of how movement and self-movement occur is needed.
Geometry is also of great importance in this, which helps to understand the forms of motion and teaches their use, as Isaac Newton noted in his works:
"The very drawing of lines and circles, which serves as the basis of geometry, essentially relates to mechanics. Geometry shows how, with the help of drawing these lines, questions and problems are solved. In itself, drawing a straight line and a circle is a problem, but not a geometrical one. The solution to this problem is borrowed from mechanics; geometry teaches only the use of these solutions. Geometry is glorified for this reason, that, having borrowed so few principles from outside, it achieves so much. Geometry is based on mechanical practice and is nothing else than that part of general mechanics in which the art of exact measurement is expounded and demonstrated." Isaac Newton, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy." [153]
It is necessary to emphasize that Quantum Mechanics is not some kind of exception to the general rules of Nature, and QED (quantum electrodynamics) is not something particularly exceptional that does not obey the Universal Laws of interaction. The holographic principle, introduced into the field of theoretical thought by Nobel laureate G. t' Hooft, along with the principle of fractality, asserts the unity and uniformity of all that exists.
Observation of the macrocosm demonstrates the fact that almost all bodies, with few exceptions, simultaneously perform two interconnected types of motion in the supporting cosmic medium – this is rotation around its internal center (around its axis) and simultaneous orbital rotation around the external center. And this geometry of rotation is universal (UNI-VERSE) and is inherent in all levels of the world order based on the holographic principle and the principle of fractality, according to which every fragment of the whole reproduces the essence of the whole, but only with fewer details.
At each level of universal scaling, this general universal scheme will have only its own individual specificity of execution.
Consequently, moving from the directly observable cosmic macro-world to the difficult to observe micro-world, we can confidently assert that this type of movement has its defining place in it too.
The principle of this general scheme of two-cycle movement is quite clearly illustrated by the dynamics of the torsion of the Mobius ring. If we take into account its inverse turn, then its two-cycle circulation is the rotation of the inverse turn around the center of the line of curvature and at the same time its revolutions relative to the conventional external center inside the ring. This view of the geometry of the Mobius strip speaks in favor of the fact that this geometry has a direct relation to the structure of the world order and its fundamental principles, and I propose to consider these principles in this format – the ontology of the FPC with the application of its geometric analogue – MG (Möbius Geometry).
Since the above-mentioned double cyclic circulation of objects occurs in the cosmic medium, and the objects themselves are the products of this midium, then according to the holographic principle and the observed comprehensiveness of the FPC, the logical conclusion will be that the medium itself has a complementary structure, and its filling will be magnetism. Magnetism is the physical embodiment of the FPC, and its complementary structure is expressed by the presence of opposite polarities that are inseparable and which can have the following phases: monopolarity (monopole), bipolarity (dipole), quadrupolarity as a system of dipoles and other, if such is observed.
Also, the complementarity of magnetism in the fibration phases is expressed through its dual magneto-electric essence, which in the current paradigm of physics is divided into two components – a magnetic field and an electric field, which is convenient for calculations, but in essence remains one integral phenomenon.
It should also be emphasized that polarities are not separate entities, but are essentially the ends of the direction vectors of the magnetic lines of an object and they are considered as inseparable components of one single Whole.
The intermediate summation will be as follows:
1. In the history of science after the discovery of the mathematical figure "Mobius strip" there were facts when the creators of quantum mechanics made attempts to explain their theoretical proposals on the basis of the apparatus of algebra, connecting both the elements and the full image of the Mobius strip.
2. The Mobius strip is a geometric analogue of the Fundamental Principle of Complementarity and displays its essence - the connection in one whole of two opposite, but complementary to one whole, antiphase components.
3. The Mobius strip includes in its geometry the display of the mechanics of the simultaneous execution of a two-cycle revolution, which is observed in space as a universal type of torsion.
4. The Mobius strip is directly related to the concept of "spin" and reflects its geometry, provides a visualization of the four-point function, showing its dynamics..
Universal complementary duality in the context of its physical implementation in magnetism and its polarities has two main phases: the monopolarity phase (monopole) and the bipolarity phase (dipole). The monopolarity phase is characterized by an internal hidden polarity inherent in magnetic monopoles, while the bipolarity phase is characterized by polarity and a magnetic field expressed externally.
The monopolarity phase as a phase of unmanifested matter is inherent in the matrix structure of the supporting Cosmic Medium, the bipolarity phase is inherent in the manifested baryon matter. The bipolarity phase mediates gravity and mass, which become manifest during the transition of magnetic ring from the monopole phase to the dipole phase.
If we dwell in more detail on what should be understood by the terms "monopolarity" and "bipolarity" in the context of the proposed MG (Möbius Geometry) format, the following explanations can be given.
Mono-polarity is a state of magnetism that does not have its external manifestation like a bar magnet, i.e. bi-polarity. This state can be called an unmanifest or hidden state of magnetism. And the entire so-called hidden mass of matter, which in the current scientific view has received the names "dark matter" and "dark energy", which, according to scientific data, accounts for 25% and 95% of matter, is in a state of mono-polarity and is not recorded by equipment.
The concept of "mono-polarity" does not mean unipolarity. Mono-polarity is a phase state of duality of magnetism, when its polarities are not manifested outward in the form of bi-polarity or quadru-polarity, but represent an internal character of closure without manifestation of the magnetic field outward for interactions. That is, monopole is a complementary duality "two in one".
In this regard, the search for the hypothetically predicted magnetic “Dirac monopole” as its interpretation as a unipolar unit is the misconception that has been inherited and is still spreading within the Standard Model and in active attempts to detect this unipolar unit in experiments over the past 10-15 years.
The presence of the ethereal substance in a state of monopole ensures its neutrality, which essentially works as a principle of “non-interference” in interactions between dipole objects.
Bi-polarity or dipole is a state of magnetism that has an external manifestation similar to a bar magnet, the ends of which demonstrate different polarities. This state can be called an externally manifested state of magnetism. That is, the bipolarity phase is the phase of transition of magnetism from the monopolarity phase to the dipole phase, limited by the poles. All baryon (manifested) matter is in a state of dipole (bi-polarity).
The states of monopole and dipole can be illustrated quite clearly using the geometric analogue of the FPC – the Mobius strip – and show geometrically what the meaning of these two phases of the same phenomenon is. This illustration is presented in the work "2. Quantum Entanglement. The Yin-Yang Symbol. Mobius Geometry. Fibration Phases" as it follows the logic of applying the MG-format to physics issues.
H. Alfvén, a Nobel Prize laureate in physics for 1970, is the founder of a new scientific field, magnetohydrodynamics, and the author of truly innovative ideas about the nature of cosmic magnetism, as well as one of the pioneers of research into cosmic physical plasma. [19], [20], [21] [22].
First of all, H. Alfvén spoke about the universality of magnetism back at the time when the second refusal in the theoretical field of science from the presence of a supporting etheric medium occurred and space was considered empty.
In the article by S. Clarke "Our Magnetic Universe: The Forgotten Force That Shapes the Cosmos" the author notes that "H. Alfvén pointed out that the vast majority of all matter in the universe is in the state of physical plasma, similar to a kind of gas consisting of magnetic particles. Based on this, Alfvén assumed that the forces acting on plasma due to magnetism should be at least comparable in their effect to gravity. So, in general, according to his arguments, magnetic fields should play an important, and perhaps even dominant, role in the formation of the cosmos." [23]
As can be seen from the citation, H. Alfvén attached great importance to issues related to magnetism and its dominant role, physical cosmic plasma and its magnetohydrodynamics. These questions in the current period of development of cosmology with the receipt of new observational results with the help of SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) and SALSA (Survey of extragalactric magnetism with the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) have already entered the mainstream of science not only as a recognition of the importance of physical plasma and magnetohydrodynamics in cosmology, but also as a confirmation of Alfven's idea of filamentary (fiber-like) and cellular structures of space and these facts clearly confirm astronomical observations. [41], [23]
And the fact that H. Alfven called the Cosmic Medium "living plasma" can be considered not some kind of aphorism, but a fairly strict scientific terminology.
"Living", by definition, is that which first of all carries out the process of breathing – "inhale-exhale", that is, the process of mutual exchange with the environment. Translated into the language of physics, breathing is a type of oscillatory process with opposite phases, in other words, oscillations. That is, according to the definition of H. Alfven, the etheric filling of space should be considered as living cosmic plasma, consisting of a certain kind of magnetic units that perform oscillating phases of breathing.
In this case, the phases of breathing "inhale-exhale" should be understood as the process of "radiation-absorption" of quanta, performed by these magnetic units as physical points in space. That is, these units are in a state of continuous and unceasing quantum activity, and therefore the supporting cosmic environment, permeated with the magnetism of these units, is active living etheric matter. Function of breathing is NOT the prerogative of biological organisms. Breathing is a reciprocal process of exchange with the environment, which is carried out by biological organisms, along with EVERYTHING that exists in all planes of existence.
It is the question of the "biology of the Universe" and the quantum symbiosis of all objects with the supporting ether medium that is currently becoming the most pressing scientific question that can resolve the crisis state of theoretical physics in understanding natural phenomena and their comprehensive interrelation.
In the author's monograph [36], the sub-micro-small magnetic unit of the etheric medium is presented with the abbreviation MMEP – Magneto-Mobius Energy Packet (Pattern). That is, geometrically, this unit is a magnetic ring, closed by definition complementarily through an inverse turn. And the medium of such magnetic units of MMEP is called magneto-plasma (by me). It is precisely such magnetic units that, according to their magnetic nature, can perform internal self-movements (spinning) and be sources of continuous and unceasing oscillations. The nature of the oscillating breath of such units of the supporting medium is transmitted by the method of self-copying InfoGenetically to all objects generated by the cosmic ether medium, together with all the basic properties.
The principle of complementarity, embodied physically in magnetism that generates forms, remains in them an unchanging basic information essence, mediating the oscillating nature of internal movements as continuous and unceasing quantum breathing.
The idea of the cosmic support medium as a dynamic physical magneto-plasma of magnetic units also corresponds to the description of the etheric medium given by another Nobel laureate F. Wilczek in his book "The Lightness of Being: Mass, Ether, and the Unification of Forces":
"There is a certain primary ingredient of physical reality that fills space-time and from which everything else is formed.
Every fragment or element of space-time has the same basic properties, the same as any other fragment.
And this primary ingredient of reality is alive, because it is constantly filled with quantum activity.
This is what makes space a multilayer superconductor (or, in other words, a superfluid fluid with a whole spectrum of different properties).” [18]
In F. Wilczek’s book, facts and arguments are presented in detail, substantiating his strong statements about the primary role and properties of the Ether from a fairly solid position of mainstream science as of the early 2000s.
“The most important lesson that has been learned in physics thanks to quantum chromodynamics [Wilczek was awarded the Nobel Prize for his success in research in this area] is the following. What we perceive as “empty space” is in fact a powerful medium, the activity of which forms this world. It is equally important that progress in other areas of modern physics in every way strengthens and enriches this – the main – lesson.
It is precisely this concept of “empty” space as a rich and dynamic medium that now constantly fuels the dreams and ideas of science regarding how to achieve the unification of the forces of nature.” [149]
The above descriptions are also in tune with the idea formulated by the scientist V. Tatur:
“... the essence of the unity of the world should be sought in a special form of self-motion of matter, in a special structure of this self-motion, from which all other features of the world necessarily grow. This special form of self-motion, having generated all other forms of motion of matter, exists together with them, simultaneously constituting their essence.” [39]
And this same idea is expressed by the professor of the University of St. Petersburg, Doctor of Technical Sciences Rubashkin V.Sh.:
“... the world medium has a gigantic, even by the scale of the energy of the micro-world, internal energy. This energy is not something brought in from outside – it is a way of existence of the world medium. And this is completely consistent with the previously formulated ontological postulate all being is movement.
From general ontological considerations it follows that under some specific conditions the internal energy of the world environment (medium) can be transmitted to elementary particles and generate them. From this follows the conclusion about the existence of a practically infinite ocean of energy, some part of which can be extracted to the level of observable phenomena...". [42]
The same emphasis is made in my author's monograph [36] when describing the characteristics of the etheric medium, where it is emphasized that at the current stage of the acquired knowledge, the ether can act not only with vortex characteristics by analogy with the air and liquid environment, but also with an understanding of its basic properties, which are transmitted InfoGenetically to all generated objects, constituting their substantial essence, namely:
- its magneto-electric properties together with its quantum nature as a material component and the basis of etheric activity, respectively
- self-motion of its matrix units as continuous and unceasing oscillations creating a vibrational background, and consequently
- its energy content – discrete sub-micro-radiations-absorptions of etheric magneto-plasma in the process of spinning, in other words, in the process of quantum breathing of etheric magneto-plasma. [36]
From the above, a fundamental conclusion logically follows: the principle of complementarity, embodied physically in magnetism, in the process of generation of forms remains in them an unchanging informational-material essence, mediating the oscillating nature of internal self-motions as continuous and unceasing quantum breathing. It is this universal template that constitutes the substantial essence underlying the World Order.
“In the nature of the cosmos there is a law of life that is common to all: every subsequent action occurs according to the memory of previous actions, and in this case a new structural form of memory is formed, into which the first one enters as an integral part and does not change due to the continuous reproduction of itself in an exact copy in the rhythmically changing magnetic environment of the habitat.” [176]
The ontological essence of the principle of complementarity generates the topology of space in the form of Clifford parallels (the geometry of the Mobius strip), which endow the spatial fabric with geometric and magnetic properties, substantiating the universal type of torsion.
The conclusions drawn are in agreement with the opinions and citations of Nobel laureates H. Alfven and F. Wilczek, as well as with a number of other scientists whose logical conclusions are made on the basis of the presence of the ethereal Cosmic Medium.
For further conclusions according to the proposed format based on the FPC and its geometric analogue, it is necessary to make a brief historical review of issues related to the etheric Cosmic Medium and its presence in the history of modern science, which is considered to begin with the times of R. Descartes and his idea of the vortex structure of etheric space.
The idea of vortex etheric space was originally proposed by R. Descartes in the 1600-s and later developed by his followers: I. Bernoulli, W. Hicks, J. Fitzgerald, P. Tait, G. Helmholtz, W. Clifford, W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), J. Maxwell, K. Bjoknes and others. Despite the effective development of the theory of the structure of the ether based on the use of analogies with the laws of hydrodynamics, the history of modern science includes two periods of theoretical views with the rejection of the concept of the existence of the ether medium as such –
this is the period of I. Newton and the period of the proposal of the General Relativity by A. Einstein.
And, as is already known, the Copenhagen interpretation, which won the philosophical debates, interpreted quantum physics, preferring Heisenberg's formal matrix tables, and reducing the wave nature of particles to statistical probabilities that have a wave-like behavior. This dominant direction categorically rejected the concept of the ether medium, as well as any attempts at interpretation based on natural analogies from hydrodynamics.
In fact, all of de Broglie's ideas, except for matter waves, were rejected in quantum theory as unnecessary and forgotten for a long time. Nevertheless, by 2005, these ideas had to be returned to again.
In 1951, after the second period of rejection of the concept of the existence of an etheric cosmic medium, Paul Dirac in his article “Is there an Aether?”, already based on considerations of quantum field theory, demonstrated that “as we now see, we may well have such an ether that is consistent with quantum mechanics and corresponds to the theory of relativity.” [5]
He provided detailed ideological and mathematical arguments convincing us that the involvement of ether is of decisive importance for the development of new physics. And that ether – as a very light and subtle form of matter-fluid – can exist in quantum mechanics “in complete harmony with the principles of relativity.” Moreover, if we accept the quantum-mechanical model of ether (that is, not as a separate stationary frame of reference, rejected in the theory of relativity, but as another form of matter with the corresponding dynamics and distribution of particles by speed), then other previously rejected things naturally return to physics, in particular, the ideas of absolute time and the absolute simultaneity of events”. [5]
Regarding A. Einstein's approach to the issues of ether, in his work "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" of 1905 there is the following statement about this: "The introduction of the "luminiferous ether" will turn out to be superfluous, since the proposed theory does not introduce "absolutely resting space" endowed with special properties." [3]
M. Jammer also gives this quote in his preface to L. Kostro's book "Einstein and the Ether." [2]
"As Kostro notes, what Einstein considered unnecessary was the idea of the ether, which Maxwell and his followers postulated and Poincaré used as a medium to explain the propagation of electromagnetic waves in space." [2]
It should be noted that in the above quotation, Einstein speaks of the ether as an "absolutely resting space," which apparently could not fit into the logic of the theory he proposed, and in this case it was easiest to distance oneself from it. The theory of the ether as an "absolutely resting space" was the dominant theory at the time Einstein wrote this article. It was based on the hypothesis of H. Lorentz and, as was subsequently proven, was an erroneous view. The errors made by H. Lorentz in deriving the formulas were corrected by Poincaré in the same year 1905, when Einstein's article was published, however, history turns in such a way that it always takes time for an erroneous view to be completely eradicated and then removed from the theoretical field of science.
The book by physics professor Ludvic Kostro "Einstein and the Ether" tells in sufficient detail how the most advanced science on the planet declared space to be an empty vacuum, but at the same time gave it physical properties. [2].
The fact that the preface to this book was written by the prominent scientist M. Jammer turned out to be a symbolic fact, since in 1954 the preface to the first of M. Jammer's monographs "The Concept of Space" was written by Albert Einstein, impressed by the work of his young colleague. [4]
In his preface, M. Jammer points out that L. Kostro's book "challenges the widespread opinion that Einstein, in his theory of relativity, once and for all excluded the concept of ether from modern physical theory.
Six months after his general theory of relativity was constructed, Einstein again accepted the idea of ether. Thus, in a letter to Lorentz, an ardent defender of this concept, Einstein wrote in June 1916: "... the general theory of relativity is closer to the hypothesis of ether than the special theory of relativity. But this new ether does not violate the principle of relativity, because its state is not the state of a rigid body in independent motion, but a state of motion that is a function of the position determined by material processes." [2]
“For similar reasons, Hermann Weyl, in the German edition of his treatise on relativity theory Raum-Zeit-Materie (Space-Time-Matter, 1919), put forward the proposal that since the coefficients of the fundamental metric tensor determine how certain points in space interact with others, or otherwise form a Wirkungszusammenhang (interrelation effect), the term ‘gravitational field’ should be replaced by ‘ether’.” [2]
"The term "ether" is unique in the history of physics not only because of the many different meanings in which it has been used, but also because it is the only term that was first excluded and then reinstated, albeit with a different connotation, by the same physicist.
L. Kostro's book with its careful exposition of Einstein's arguments in favor of reviving the concept of ether as "relativistic ether" or "total ether" is a useful contribution to the history of the ontological status of space-time in modern physics." [2]
Why is the uniqueness of the term "ether" defended in favor of its ontological status and in the context of the cited citation?
In my monograph [36] I have studied the original etymology of this term, that is, the meaning of its letter`s formula. The content of the root word "ether" includes the concepts of fire, light that burns and shines, hearth, one building with no division.
"Let's summarize the plan of the word's content. Ether is the “upper” (upper, top, verse - rotating), “air”, in other words, a rotating pure and unadulterated substrate that rhythmically flares up with flame, shines, burns and has an analogy with a mono-structure as a place with a HEARTH, Flame, FIRE, but a holy, temple fire that BUILDs, conducts construction, erects, establishes the Universe, ultimately sets the Universal space, creates the ENVIRONMENT and objects in it.
It is precisely the property of establishing the Universe and setting the Universal space, creating objects in it that is the sought-after frame-matrix generating substance." [36]
Translating into modern theoretical language, – this is a spin network of topologically closed units that perform continuous, non-stop oscillations with the release of magneto-plasma quanta.
It is precisely this physics of ether that I have revealed as a result of a linguistic analysis of the meaning of the root word "ETHER" and it is precisely this physics of ether that I have developed in the proposed conceptual framework, including four works I pointed above.
Continuing with this theme and in tune with L. Kostro's book, it is worth citing the opinion of Nobel Prize winner R. Laughlin regarding A. Einstein's attitude to the question of the existence of an etheric medium. In his book "A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down", published in 2005, R. Laughlin notes the following:
"The irony is that Einstein's most creative work, his general theory of relativity, ultimately necessarily comes down to the concept of space as a physical medium. While Einstein initially proceeded from the assertion that no such medium exists...
The idea that space can be a kind of material substance is actually very ancient, traced back to the ancient Greek Stoics, who gave it the name – "ether".
... Einstein, on the contrary, categorically rejected the idea of ether and, on the basis of this "non-existence", deduced that the equations of electromagnetism must be relative. But then the same thought process eventually led Einstein to the very ether he had initially rejected. ... The modern concept of the vacuum of space, daily confirmed by experiments, is the relativistic ether. But we do not call it what it is. Because it is taboo." [1]
Whatever the taboo, the scientific community of theoretical physicists is nevertheless forced to return to the concept of the existence of a supporting Cosmic Medium, called ether in ancient times.
"The etheric medium serves as an arena for phase transformations in the act of reproducing the Genome and creating material energy sources for it." [78]
In the second half of the 1980-s, the groundbreaking work of the Indian-American theorist Abhay Ashtekar appeared. The main result of A. Ashtekar's discovery should be considered the birth of the so-called "Loop Quantum Gravity" (LQG) – a theory that proposed a new view of the structure of space-time. [9], [10]. [18, [AA]]
In the late 1980-s, relying on the formalism of A. Ashtekar, two young researchers at that time, Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin, decided to study in more depth whether Einstein's gravity equations, rewritten in a new form, could say something about the microstructure of space. As a result of their calculations, the scientists discovered that the minimum areas and volumes of regions allocated in space cannot be arbitrarily small. And the smallest value of the linear size, dictating the limits of reducing the area and volume, turns out to be directly related to the main constants of the universe - the speed of light, the gravitational constant, the Planck constant – and is called the "Planck length" (10-35 meters). [11], [12], [13], [18, [CRLSK]]
In passing, it can be noted that the entire course of constructing the LQG theory, even if not quite explicitly, nevertheless recreates the features of the vortex microstructure of space. The term “loop” in the name of the theory refers to the lines of force of the field, which closes into microscopic loops. If we operate not with abstract fields, but with more realistic vortex movements in the fabric of space, then the sub-microscopic loops of the smallest size turn out to be the same vortex granules that form the vortex sponge of space. Thus, at a new stage and from other starting points in the theoretical field of physics, the ideas of J. Maxwell, K. Bernoulli and W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) are again present.
The “micro-vortex” physics of the LQG theory became even more clearly defined when K. Rovelli and L. Smolin began to look for a formalism that would provide a simpler and clearer picture. Soon such an option was indeed found, and, as it turned out, this design called “spin networks” was developed in the 1960s by the British mathematician and physicist Roger Penrose. [14].
At one time, Penrose also tried to develop formal-discrete approaches to space-time physics, operating only with connections between quantum characteristics of particles. The most important such characteristic, according to Penrose's intuitive feeling, should be considered the spin of particles, which is related to both the energy and the spatial orientation of the object. This is also true for the description of the physics of granules in a vortex sponge.
In the early 1990s, Gerard 't Hooft first introduced a powerful idea into the theoretical field of physics and put forward the concept of the holographic principle as an alternative to string theory.
The key points of Gerard 't Hooft's calculations are that the basis of the Universe is the same surface, folded in a topologically non-trivial way. Since the principle of complementarity underlies the property of holography, Gerard ‘t Hooft thereby pointed out the logic of the interrelation between the holographic principle, the principle of complementarity and the geometry of topology, namely, the basis of the Universe, folded in a topologically non-trivial way, is based on the principle of complementarity and each of its fragments, regardless of the dimension, will be a fragment of the general universal hologram only with less detail, down to the minimum. Based on this, the conclusion follows that the smallest etheric unit of the universal hologram is structured complementarily and folded in the same way.
It is this geometric image that is not an abstraction of algebra, but the ontology and geometry that is embedded in the structure of space and represents the Two antiphase Principles of Cosmogenesis, which are complementarily (topologically) related for the dynamics of motion and the processes of reproduction.
The Gerard 't Hooft's concept of the holographic principle was subsequently supported by H. Maldacena and L. Susskind. [33], [34], [62].
In the late 1990s, Juan Maldacena was the one who, based on string theory, discovered the AdS/CFT correspondence, which later became the most important theoretical argument in support of the holographic principle. [34]
In 1998, Edward Witten spectacularly integrated the holographic principle into string/brane theory and did so based on Juan Maldacena's AdS/CFT correspondence. [35]
In 2002-2003, Xiaogang Weng of MIT and his former graduate student Michael Levin proposed a version of the new theory called String-net. [15], [16], [17]
Despite the similar name, this theoretical model has nothing in common with the well-known theory of microscopic superstrings.
Exploring the mathematics of their theory, S. Weng and M. Levin found that in the state of a string-net fluid, the motion or deformation of the string-nets corresponds to a wave that behaves according to a set of equations of the electromagnetic field of J. Maxwell. According to S. Van, this result can be interpreted as a rediscovery of ether by science, but at a deeper theoretical level as a "quantum ether".
Of course, this is not a complete list of theoretical contributions, but these are the steps according to which, almost one hundred and fifty years after J. Maxwell wrote down his equations based on the concept of the presence of ether as a supporting medium and its magneto-electric properties, the fact of the presence of this etheric medium, which generates these patterns, was revealed in a different mathematical way.
The most important consequence of the rediscovery of ether and the return to its concept is the physical (material) basis for such things that are traditionally called "immaterial". In essence, there is no any immateriality separated from the physical carrier. At any level, even the most Planckian, a unit of the medium is information placed on a material carrier. That is, the minimal information in its numerical expression "0" and "1" is the structure of the minimized material carrier. Everything else is idealized ideas and not fully thought out philosophy.
Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism was essentially based on the concept of ether as a material medium with a cellular structure and providing vortex-flows-waves of interactions. With the help of a mechanical model based on “vortex-wheels” connecting magnetic fields and electric currents, Maxwell was able to obtain the most important equations of his theory and build a formally consistent picture in which magnetic energy is the kinetic energy of the medium occupying all space, and electrical energy is the tension energy of this same medium.
J. Maxwell's main merit is that he linked the idea of ether with electromagnetic properties. That is, Maxwell is also the source of the idea that vortex-wheels are magnetoelectric formations and electromagnetic processes underlie the continuous and unceasing oscillations that etheric sub-mico-vortex-wheels and all objects of the cosmic medium generated by these single seed magnetoelectric vortex etheric elementals perform. This is the main argument in favor of the fact that the source of the nature of electromagnetism is, first of all, the supporting Quantum Medium itself. Everything else is a consequence of its structure.
"Maxwell's equations admit curious solutions characterized by the property that all electric and magnetic lines of force are closed contours, and any two electric or (magnetic) lines are connected. These little-known solutions, constructed by Ranada, are based on the Hopf fibering." [26], [27]
These vortex-wheels were spoken of as magnetic particles by Nobel laureate H. Alfven, and they are also present as a primary ingredient in the works of Nobel laureate F. Wilczek, and they also make up the spin network in the modern theories cited.
To the description of these vortex-wheels I add their geometric characteristics – this is the configurability of magnetic rings in the form of a Mobius strip with one 180-degree turn, their initial phase state in the form of monopoles and their magneto-electric oscillating activity in performing the quantum breathing “emission-absorption” of portions of magneto-plasma or so-called electricity.
Maxwell’s vortex-wheels are the prototypes of all subsequent proposals on the structure of units of the etheric medium. It is precisely this spinning vortex “wheel” that is the Magneto-Mobius Energy Pattern – MMEP – in the form of the original Mobius strip with one turn, considered in the form of a magneto-electric circuit and a quantum-mechanical unit of the etheric Quantum Medium in the author's monograph. [36]
Nobel laureate H. Alfvén, in order to explain the magnetic property of cosmic plasma, which he called “living”, points to the following parallel in the abstract to his article "Electric Current in Cosmic Plasma": "A useful method of studying many of these phenomena [of cosmic plasma] is to draw an electric circuit in which a current flows and study its properties. A number of simple circuits are analyzed in this way." [22]
In this regard, I would like to emphasize that by representing a unit of the etheric medium as a magneto-electric Mobius ring circuit, I use the same analogy with a ring current to explain processes occurring at another scaling level, namely, at the level of the substrate of the etheric medium.
Mobius spinning is not the rotation like a toy top, it is the simultaneous execution of a two-cycle revolution, which, with a simultaneous combination of symmetry and asymmetry, also generates precession and nutation.
For greater persuasiveness and in favor of the fact that the vortex modes of the etheric medium can be geometrically represented as a Mobius ring, a simple paper experiment can be carried out that will demonstrate that the wave oscillatory process expressed by a sinusoid is the equivalent of oscillations according to the Mobius template. And the dynamic ether, structurally resembling a "vortex sponge", in its initial phase state can represent wave energy quanta, closed through inversion into a ring and acting as a semblance of elementals of matter – quasi-elementals.
The closure of waves into rings is a hydrodynamic property observed in liquids and plasma. The super fluid liquid of the supporting Cosmic Medium, which I called magneto-plasma, also has this property. Hydro-magnetic properties have been studied quite well and, as analogies, they can be translated into the format of hydrodynamics of the etheric Quantum Medium. [74]
To visualize vortex quasi-elementals using a paper experiment, it is necessary to draw a strip in the form of a sinusoidal wave, cut it out and glue the ends together without turning anything over. As the paper experiment demonstrates, a closed sinusoid forms a ring in the form of a Mobius pattern.
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